Mei zu suh

“Shh…. Mei Zu Suh. History Repeats Itself.”

- Lalchhuanmawia Tochhawng

Thuhmahruai

Kum 2008 October 2, khan Mahatma Gandhi-a piancham denchhenin India ram pumah office, rêl station, damdawi in leh puipunna hmunah te meizuk khapna thupêk puan a ni a. Chu thupêk chuan India ram a dêng chhuak nghal a nih kha. Mei zûk \hat lohzia hi hun rei tak a\ang tawha mi \hahnemngaite lo vahvaihpui tawh kha a ni a, chu mite tân chuan he thupêk hi lawmawm tak a ni. He thupêk hi India rama sikret siam tam ber ITC chuan High Court-ah a khing nghal bawk. India ram hi khawvela sikret hralh tamna ber pathumna a ni a, chuvangin sikret siamtute tân chuan he thupêk hi hnawk tak a ni.

 India ramah hian meizu mi maktaduaih 250 vel zet an awm a. Kum tin mi maktaduaih khat bâwr velin an thih phah ziah bawk. Kum tin sikret tlâwn tlunglehdingawn 102 zet hralh chhuah ziah ang a ni a. Tin, India hi meizûk ching an pun zelna ram tlêm tê zinga pakhat a ni.  Chuvangin khauh deuh taka khap a ni pawh hi a mawh lo ve. Dan bawhchhiate chu cheng zahnih thleng chawitir theih an ni lehnghal.

Hetia sawrkar laipui meuhin thupêk khauh tak mai a rawn chhuah tâkah hian mi tam tak chuan meizûk hap hrim hrim hi thil thar sawiin kan sawi a. Mi thil hre awm tak taka ka ngaihte pawhin tunhma lama la khap ngai miah loh sawia an sawi ka hre zauh zauh. Chuvangin thudik zâwk kan hriat theih nan he thu hi ka han ziak ve ta tawp mai a ni.

A Tirin

Engtik hun a\ang chiahin nge meizuk hi mihringin an lo chin hriat phâk rual a ni lo. Greek mifing Hippocrates-a chuan Peloponnesian War lai khan hmeichhe natna \henkhat enkawl nan meikhu hip a \hat thu a lo sawi a ni awm e. Pliny-a pawhin kum zabi pakhatna (AD) khan damdawi lam chanchin a ziahna-ah rairuang dâwt hmanga meikhu hip a lo sawimawi deuh tawh bawk. Mahse tunlaia meizûk ang tak taka an zûk erawh tuman kan hre lo. Swiss historian Becker-a chuan tunhma pawhin vaibel ang deuhin Rom hoin mei an lo zu tawh tih archeology lam a\anga fiah theih niin a sawi a. Mahse hei hi miin an pawm pui lem lo.

South America lamah erawh chuan Maya leh Aztec hnam zingah meizuk chu sakhaw thil atan an hmang uar hle tih a hriat theih a. Engtik lai a\anga lo ching tawh nge an nih erawh hriat theih rual a ni lo. Maya ho chuan Ni pathian hnena inthawina rimtuia hlan atan vaihlo an hmang \hin. Puithiamte chu pathiante aiawhtu nia an hriat avangin an dah lal em em mai a, an tih apiang chu ihe lova zawm hmiah tur a ni. Tichuan zawi zawiin puithiamin Ni pathian leh an pathian dangte biak nana an hman \hin vaihlo zûk chu mipui zingah a lo lar tial tial a. Maya ram ropui a lo keh darh hnu-ah mipui pem darhin an kalna apiangah an ching darh zel a, Europe-hovin America khawmualpui an zuk hmuhchhuah kha chuan America rama Indian hnamho chuan an pathian Manitou-a biakna hmanrua-ah an hmang deuh vek tawh a. Tin, mipui vantlang pawhin an uar em em tawh a ni.

Spanish hovin an zuk hneh pawh khan Bishop Zumarraga-a chuan an vaihlo-te chu milem biakna thil tiin a hal sak vak mai a ni. Mexico rama Montezuma puithiam leh an lalte chuan an pathian ‘Ni’ hnaih thei ang bera awm duhin temple sang laiah mihring leh vaihlo hmangin an inthawi \hin. An lalte chuan chaw eikham apiangin an zu a, sakhaw serh leh sang an tihin a bang ngai hek lo.

Aztec-ho chuan an pathian hnena hlan atan thla 12 chhung nuamsa takin tlangval pakhat an awmtir a. An rama nula hmel\ha \ha an thlantir bawk a. Thla 12 tawpah chu tlangval chuan  an pathian ropui nan leh mihringte malsawm nan mei a zu vak a, tichuan amah chu inthawi nan an hlan ta \hin a ni. Henglai hnamte hi indo mi an ni a, mei zûk chu an theh darh zel a. Mingoho an zuk thlen thlâk kha chuan America ram (North leh South) a tuam chhuak vek tawh a ni.

Europe A Thlen Chhoh Dan

Kum 1492 October 12-ah Columbus-an America a zuk thleng a nih kha. Lawmthu sawia an \hing\hit lai chuan saruak kengkung hian Arawak Indian ho chuan an lo hmuak a. Lawng lian pui pui leh mihring hmeltha tak tak an hmuh chuan van a\anga pathianho lo chhuk emaw tiin an thil hlu neih ang ang chu an lo pe a. Chung zinga pakhat chu vaihlo rêp ro a ni. Spanish-ho chuan an kal liam hnu-ah engnge a nih hre lovin an paih bo vek thung. Columbus-a chuan Cuba ram chhung ril lam fang turin a mi rin deuh deuh Rodrigo de Jerez leh Spanish Jew, Hebrai, Chaldean leh Arabia \awng thiam Luis de Torres-a te chu a tir a. Torres-a \awng thiam hmang chuan engkim an va tih theih mai a ring a ni.

Torres-a te \hian dun chuan khaw tam tak an kal tlang a. Chuta an thil hmuh mak an tih em em chu in tin deuhthawa hnah ro khu pipe hmanga hip an lo uar em em chu a ni. An kalna khua mite chuan mihring nge an nih pathian hriat tumin an taksate chu an lo khawih sak vel a. An lo ngaisang em em mai a ni. =henkhat chuan Rodrigo de Jerez-a hian mei chu zu ve chhin a, ching hlen ta hialin an sawi.

Kum 1493-a Columbus-a zin leh chu Pope Alexander VI chuan puithiam pakhat Romano Pane-a chu Indian ho hnena chanchin \ha hril turin a tir ve nghal a. Pane-a hnen a\ang hian Indian hovin mei an zûk dan chu kan hre chiang lehzual a. A sawi dan chuan Indian puithiam leh daktawrhoten Indian \awnga ‘tobacco’ an tih an  zûk nachhan chu pahnih a awm: (i) pathiante chawimawi  nan leh (ii)  Zawl ringtute rilru hneh nan. Mei an zûk vak a, an lo ruih khan zel ang deuha awmin thil lo thleng tur, indonaa an chak leh chak loh tur te, kum \hat kum a nih leh nih loh turte an sawi lawk theiin an hria a. Chutiang atan chuan an zu \hin a ni. Pane-a chuan vaihlo a\anga siam chhang hlawm hi dam lo hnenah a kawchhunga thlarau sual a luak chhuah theih nan an pe a, dam lo chu a luak vak vak \hin a ti bawk.

Red Indian hovin vaihlo an hman dan ngun taka han chhût tak tak chuan milem biakna nen a inkungkaih thui khawp mai. Chuvangin mei zûk hi milem biakna chi khat a ni ti ila kan uar lutuk lo vang chu.

Colombus-a hnu hian Europe ram dang a\angin America chu an zuk tlawh zur zut ta mai a. Chung ho haw chho leh chuan mei zûk chu intih theih nan tak an rawn hmang haw ta fo mai a. Chu chu Europe-a a rawn lar chhoh dân chu a ni ta a ni.

Sâp zinga mei zu hmasa ber Rodrigo de Jerez-a chuan Europe a rawn thlen hlimin an khua Ayamonte-ah Indian ho tih danin a vaibel hawn chu a zu ve ngawt mai a. A kâ leh hnâr a\anga a han pak khu vel chu hmuhnawm ti si, hlau deuh bawk siin a khaw mite chuan an en luih luih a. Ramhuai thiltih nia ngaiin \henkhatin puithiam an lo va hrilh a. Chu puithiam chuan Inquisition-ah a thlen a. Rodrigo-a chu lung inah kum thum an tan tir ta a ni. Mahse lung in a\anga a chhuah leh meuh chuan a tanna chhan meizûk chu mi vantlang chin dan a lo ni hman tawh a ni.

Kum zabi 16-na laihawl velahte pawh khan vaihlo chu Portugal leh Spain ramah an ching hman nual tawh a. Kum 1543 khan University of Salamanca-a professor pakhat chuan damdawi atana vaihlo \hatzia uar takin a sawi a. Kum 1559 khan he hnim hnah leh thil dang hrim hrim pawh zir chiang turin Phillip II chuan ama daktawr Francisco Hernandez-a chu Mexico-ah a tir hial a ni. Tin, hetih hun lai vela Brazil leh a chhehvel tlawhtu missionary ho pawhin Indian hovin mei an hehzia leh kristiante pawhin an uarzia chu an sawi bawk.

 England Ram Lamah

England rama mei zu hmasa leh la lût hmasatu chu Francis Drake-a a ni. Spain leh France ram a\anga a hriat a ni mai thei. Hetih laia English tuipui pasaltha  Admiral Hawkins te, Raleigh-a te leh Drakes-a te chuan Spanish leh Portugal lawng kal vel suam chu an chaw tui ber a ni mai a. Sir Walter Raleigh-a phei chuan a laichin pa Sir Richard Grenville-a chu Virginia awp turin a tir a. Grenville-a chuan mi 107 chu Captain Lane-a hova Virginia ram zir chiang turin a hnut chhiah leh chhawng a.

An zinga pakhat Thomas Hariot-a ziah danin Virginia-a Indian ho chuan mei an heh em em vek a. Mei khu chuan taksa chhunga hu a tichhuak a, vun kua a tizau va, chuvangin English mite aiin an hrisel a ti. A sawi zel danin Indian-ho chuan vaihlo chu pathian thilpêk ang hialah an ngai a. An pathiante pawhin zu ve hialin an ring a ni.

Heta lawng sipai cham bâng ho hian mei zûk chu an ching ve ta viau hlawm a. An indo reng bawk si nen, haw thuai thuai an châk em em mai a. Chuvangin a hnu lawka Francis Drakes-a Spanish lawng suam hlawhtling vak velin a va tlawh chuan England rama phur haw turin an lo ngen chiam a. Tichuan an thil chin thar vaihlo nen chuan an haw ta a. Thomas Hariot-a chuan Raleigh-a hnenah an zin report pêk pahin a vaihlo chu a \heh a ni awm e. Ani chuan tui a lo tiviau mai a, mei zûk chu a ching hlen ta a. Tichuan heng hun lai vela lawng sipai vâk velte chuan zawi zawiin vaihlo chu an rawn tilar a. Kum zabi 17-na a lo thlen meuh chuan lar tak tein a lar tawh a ni.

Raleigh-a vaibêl(or kuaite) zu lai chu a chhiahhlawhin tûk khat chu a phâwk a. Chutia a kâ leh hnâr a\anga mei lo khu chhuak ta luai luai chu a kang hlum mai ang tih hlauvin tui a va leih nghek mai a ni an ti. Raleigh-a chu a larin lalchhungkaw zingah meuh pawh a tlangtla si a, vaihlo \hatzia a sawi chu mi tam takin an awih a. Lalnu Elizabeth-i meuh pawhin a zu chhin ve a, mahse a ching zui lo.

Elizabeth-i dawtah meizûk haw em emtu King James I-a rawn lal ve ta a. King James-a ngaihdan chuan meizûk chu England ram a\anga tihbo vat chi, ramhuai hnathawh, thil bawlhhlawh, hnam mawlho chin tawk lek a ni. Hetiang taka meizûk a huat avang leh tim miah lova a sawisel \hin avang hian a hun laia pa intifing pui pui tam tak chuan lal sual tak leh chhâw takah an ngâi a. Chu chuan politics-ah pawh nghawng thui fê a nei a ni. Thenkhat erawh chuan King James-a chu pa fing tak niin a hun laia mite chuan a rilru chu an \awm pha lo lutuk zawk niin an hre thung.

Kum 1605 khan King James I chuan a sawi mai duh tâwk lovin meizûk a duh loh thu chu lehkha ziakin a chhuah a, a lehkhabu hming pawh A Counterblast to Tobacco tih a ni nghe nghe a. A sawi dan chuan mei zûk chu ‘mita hmuh tlâk loh khawpa tenawm, hnâr tana huatthlala awm si, thluak tana hlauhawm bawk, chuap tana \ha lo, khuarkhurum-mawngneilo atanga meikhu lo zâm chhuak ngut ngut ang,’ a ni.

A la duh tâwk mai lo; kum 1605 August thla khan Lalber chuan Oxford University Vice-Chancellor chu kovin philosophy leh damdawi lam chungchang sawiho (debate) a duh thu a hrilh a. Chumi thla ni 27 chuan lalber hovin debate chu an nei ta a. A hmasa ni hnih chu philosophy lam sawi nan an han hmang phawt a. Chutah tobacco chanchinah an lût ta a. Lalberin vaihlo a huatzia hriain thusawitu tam zawk chuan a \hat lohna lam an sawi deuh zel a. Mahse a tâwpah mi huaisen Dr Cheynell-a chu rawn ding chhuakin damdawi atana vaihlo \hatzia leh \angkaizia chu thiam tak maiin a rawn hlap chho ta a. A ngaihdan chuan England daktawrte chuan vaihlo \angkaina leh \hatna chu uluk taka zir vek an ba zâwk hial a ni.

Mahse lalber erawh chuan nasa takin vaihlo hman chu a sawisel zel tho va. A sâwt chuang hlei lo.

Tin, hetia mei zûk a huat em avang leh a sawisel nasat em avang hian chung laia mi lar, vaibel pet chawt \hin Sir Walter Raleigh-a nen pawh chuan an inngeih ta lo va. Raleigh-a chu King James-a phiar ru a,  Lady Arabella Stuart-i laltir dan ngaihtuahah puhin thi tura tih a ni ta a. Kum 1616 thleng lung inah a tâng a. Stuart-i thih hnu kum 1617 khan an chhuah a, lawng rual khat hotu atan an dah leh ta a ni. A tan chhung khan mei zûk an phal lo va, a chhuah veleh a vaibel a pet kawh nghal a ni an ti bawk.

Raleigh-a chu Spanish lawng suam miah lo tura tih a ni naa khawmualah zâwk an va intawng ta tho va. A fapa pawh chu indona-ah chuan a thi a. Chutah King James-a thinur chuan a hmaa thi tura an tih tawhna thupêk chu tinung lehin Raleigh-a chu October 29, 1618 khan a lu an tan sak ta a ni.

England ramah meizu mi an tam tial tial a. Sumdawnna hlâwk berte zinga mi a lo ni ta. Virginia-a cham mêk English tlangval rual beidawng, hmeichhe hmêl hmuh tur awm si lo lungleng haw duh pawhin vaihlo chin a hlawk tih hre tharin an ching ta vak mai a. Kar lovah Virginia chu vaihlo thawnchhuahna hmunpui a lo ni ta a ni. He mite nupui tur hi London a\angin nula 95 zet installment angin thawn thlâk an ni ta bawk a. Virginia-ah chuan pawisa aiah vaihlo hi thil hlut zawng teh nân an hmang ta hial a. Ram hausa tak leh lar tak a lo nih phah ta a ni.

King James I erawh chuan a do chhunzawm zel; September 30, 1619-ah England rama vaihlo chin a phal loh thu leh vaihloa sumdawnna chu sawrkar kuta awm turin thupêk a chhuah a. Kum 1620 February thla a\angin a ram chhûnga tobacco chin leh zawrh chu a khap bur a. Mahse a sawt vak lo.  A kum leh April 16 (Nilaini), 1621-ah phei chuan parliament, House of Common-ah Sir William Stroud-a chuan England ram pum puiah vaihlo chu khap bur a nih theih nan bill a pu lût a. Member zingah meizu mi an tam zâwk avangin Sir William Stroud-a bill chu a tlang zo ta lo va, English mite chuan meizûk chu an uar ta tawlh tawlh zawk a ni. [The Social History of Smoking. By G.L.Apperson. p.13. The Echo Library 2006]

King James I thih hnu-ah a fapa Charles-a, mei zu ngai lo bawk a lo lal leh a. Ani chuan sawrkar tana sum hai luhna hmanrua-ah hman tumin vaihlo chhiah a tipung a. Mahse a pa ang em ema hua chu a ni lo. England tualchhung a lo buai a. Oliver Cromwell-an thuneihna a chang a, Charles-a chu lung inah a khung a. Mei zûk a duh lohzia hriain amah elhsen nan vengtu sipaite chuan mei an zûk khum a. Rorelna ina an hruai laite chuan mei an pak khum a, a hmaiahte an meizuk khu chuan an ur tir vel bawk a. An vaibel dawn kehte chu a kalna turah an lo paih vel a ni an ti.

 Europe-a A Darh Dan (tawi tein)

Kum 1618-1648 inkar khan Europe-ah Thirty Years' War a chhuak  a. He indonaa sipai kalte chuan an \anrualpuite leh hmelmate hnen a\anga mei zûk chu chingin Europe-a mei zûk theh darhtu \ha tak an lo ni ta hlawm a. Damdawi atana vaihlo \hatzia leh \angkaizia chu chutihlaia daktawr thiam tak takte chuan hahipin an sawi \hin bawk.

Tin, hetih lai vel bawk hian Europe ram hrang hrangah hripui rapthlak zet mai a lêng a. A bikin kum 1636 khan Dutch ramah a nasa zual a. Chutih laia an damdawi neih chuan a dang zo lo nasa mai. An daktawr lar Isbrand von Diemerbroek-a tihngaihna hre lo chuan vaihlo hmanga indan theih a nih thu leh amah ngei pawhin chutianga hripui vei enkawl nan a hman hlawhtlin thu chu a tlangaupui ta chiam mai a. London lamah pawh vaihlo khuin hripui a veng thei tih chu an sawi darh chiam bawk a, hei hian a tilar lehzual a ni. Vienna-ah pawh hripui laka indan nan daktawrte chuan mei zu turin mite chu an fuih nasa a. Russia ramah ve thung chuan hetih lai hian meizûk chu thihna khawp suala ngaih a ni thung a. Khapna thupek khauh tak an chhuah bawk a. Chuti chung chuan an inkhap hneh lo khawp mai.

Chutia meizûk lo lar ta chu do fê fê an awm ve zel bawk a. Germany khawthlang lam Saxony-ah chuan khapna thupêk an chhuah a. Kum 1656 khan Wurttemberg mite chu mei zu miah lo tura tih an ni bawk a. Kohhran meuh pawh a kangkai ta. Kohhran mal leh bishop \henkhatin an do chu thuhran, Spain leh Italy-a kohhran rawngbawltuten meizûk an uar lutuk chu pope meuh pawhin a ngaimawh a. Puithiamte chuan biak in chhungah meuh pawh an pak khu luih luih \hin tih hriain Pope Urbun VIII-na chuan meizûk khapna thupêk Bull Ad futuram rei memorium tih chu January 30, 1642 khan a chhuah ta hial a. Mahse he thupêk meuh pawh hian zawm a hlawh vak lo a ni ang, kum 1650 khan pope thar Innocent X chuan meizûk khapna thupêk chu a chhuah nawn leh ta a ni.

Pope thuchhuah hi puithiam \henkhat theologian Father Diana leh dan hre mi Pascializo-te chuan a rum zawnga hrilhfiahin biak in chhunga mei zûk chu thihna khawp sual a ni an ti a. A lehlamah Cardinal de Lugo-a te chuan chuti em em chu ni lovin ‘tih loh tur’ a ni satliah mai a ni an ti bawk a. Buai phah tak an ni.

Chutiang tak chuan kohhran huang chhungah meuh pawh buai phah mah se Europe-ah na na na chuan an inkhap hneh lo a ni ber e. Kum 1701 a lo thlen phei chuan Prussia lal thar Frederick I chuan tobacco party a rawn ching chhuak a. Lal khawnbawl leh a thuhruaite nen meizuk hun siamin an zu luih luih fo ta mai a. Chutah Tobacco Club tihte a lo lar chho zel a. An uar chho ta zel zawk a ni.

 

America Ram Lama Thil  Thleng

Virginia-a vaihlo \hat duhzia leh an hausak phahzia kan sawi tawh kha. Kum zabi 17-na tâwp lam khan sâp pachal, Pathian awm ring lo William Penn-a chuan New York, New Jersey leh Maryland ramri thlang lamah khuan sakhaw zalenna state din a duh a. Tichuan ram neitu Indian-ho chu a dawr \an ta a.

Indian-ho nen chuan remna mei an han zu ho phawt dawn a ni. Indian lalte chuan mei an heh em em mai a. An inbiak dawn chuan an mei fawh hmasak ber chu Thlarau Ropui awmna nia an hriat Ni(Sun) lam hawi zawngin an han pak khu luih luih phawt a. Chu an indawrna-ah chuan \anpui tur leh kaihruai turin an dil bawk a. An pathian chuan thurawn a lo pe \ha vak lo nge ni dawn? Remna mei an zûk zawha an han indawn fel chu tuna Pennsylvania ram pum lei nan khuan vaibel dawn 300, vaihlo basket 100, dumbur 20 leh Jew’s Harp (talhkhuang chi khat-ti mai ang aw)100-in an inbe rem thei ta a. Penn-a tlâwm tilutuk chu a nui ru var varin a rinawm.

Kum zabi 19-na-ah i kai chho dawrh teh ang. Kum 1801-ah chuan vaibêl aiah cigar a rawn lar chho \an ta a. Kum 1809 May thla-ah Prussia chuan Berlin khaw chhunga meizûk khapna thupêk an lo chhuah tawh chu an chhuah nawn leh a. Prussian police-te chuan kawtthler tinah khapna thupêk, mei zu an man reng reng ni riat lung in tan theihna chu târin an duty bawk a. Mahse a tukah mi luhlul \henkhatin khapna thupêk tar chu an pawtthla leh deuh vek a. Buainate pawh a chhuak hial a nih chu.

Europe lam bawk han sawi leh ila. Kum 1723 khan Berlin-ah mei zûk khap a ni a. Kum 1742-ah Königsberg khua-ah khap a ni leh a. Kum 1744-ah Stettin –ah khap a ni leh bawk.    Kum 1831-khan Berlin-ah tuihri a leng chiam mai a. Chu veleh daktawr \henkhat chuan inven nana vaihlo \hatzia an lo tlangau pui vat a. Chu chuan vaihlo zûk chu a tipung leh ta chiam mai a ni.

Kum 1840 bawr chho velah chuan Italy mipui zingah Austria nghawngkawl phihthlak duhna rilru a lo lian ta hle mai a. Hetih laia an vaihlo rinpui ber chu Austria sawrkar thuhnuaia awm a ni a. Chuvang chuan kum 1847 tawp lam khan Milan khaw mite chuan Austria vaihlo nuai bona kawng zawh an ruahman \an ta a. A hun atan January 1, 1848 an ruat a. Austria sipaite pawhin an thil tum chu an hre lâwk vek naa hlauh thamah an ngai lo. Mahse a ni a lo thlen chuan rin aiin a boruak a sang ta a. Zirlaiho chuan mei zu an hmuh apiang chu an bei ta nghauh nghauh mai a. A tuk ni 2-ah phei chuan boruak a tang lehzual. Zirlai pawl mei zu vai leh sipai vak vel intawng chu an innuai ta chiam mai a. Thi leh hliam an awm ta nawk mai le.

Chu ‘Tobacco War’ chu Milan khua-ah chauh a tawp lo, January 8 chuan  Patvia khuaa sipai leh zirlai pawl intihbuaina-ah sipai officer pahnih an thi a. Padua leh Venice-ah te pawh buaina chu a chhuak ta zel bawk a. Amarawhchu hetia Austria sawrkar vaihlo dawrte an tihchhiat hnu hi chuan an duhtawkin mei chu an zu leh lawi si a ni.

Paris-ah sawrkar a inlehthal zak zak a. Vienna-ah buaina a chhuak chiam bawk a(mei zuk vang ni kher lem lovin). Chu chuan mei zûk khapna thupêk khauh zet mai hnuaia rûm Berlin mipuite rilru a chawk tho ta. Kum 1848 March thla-ah mipui thinur pungkhawm chuan mei zûk khapna thupêk hlih te, chhiah tihtlêm te leh chanchinbu zalennate an duh thu chu an au chhuah pui \an ta a. Ni 19-ah phei chuan a hma buainaa thite ruang phurin lal in kawtah mipui thinur chu an rawn pung khawm a. Lal in chu luhchhuah an duh hial a ni.

Mipui pungkhawm hma-ah chuan lal fapa huaisen Lichnowsky-a chu a rawn ding chhuak a. Lalberin buaina duh lova sipai a hnuhkir dan te leh mipui thil phut zawng zawng tihsak a tiam dante chu a rawn puang ta a. Mipui boruak a dai hret. An zinga thinur zual \henkhat chuan a titak tak em tih an zawt nawn leh a. Ani chuan a tih tak tak thuin a lo chhang a. An zinga pakhat chuan, “Mei zûk pawh phal a ni tawh maw?” a lo ti a. Lal Fapa chuan, “Ni e” tiin a chhang a. A zawttu vêk chuan, “Tiergarten-ah meuh pawh maw?” a ti leh a. (Tiergarten leh a chheh vela mei zûk chu an khap nasa lehzual a). Lal fapa chuan, “Ni e,” a ti leh a. Chutah mipui lawm chu an au dur dur a, lungawi takin an tin darh ta hlawm a. A hnu lawk March 25-ah lal ber chuan kangmei hlauhthawnawm a nih loh chuan mei zûk khapna dan hlih a nih thu chu a puang ta nghe nghe a ni.

Kum 1856 khan Balkan ramah Cremean War a lo chhuak a. Chuta ram hrang hrang sipai kalkhawmte chuan tunlaia sikret hi an pu darh leh chiam a. Tichuan mei zûk chu khawvelin an lo uar ta tawlh tawlh mai a ni.

Main Source: A History of Smoking, By Count Corti. Translated by Paul England. Published by Random House, UK. Ltd – London SWIV25A – 1996.

 America Rama Temperance Pâwl Hrang Hrangte

Kum zabi 18-na tâwp lam a\angin America chu harhtharnain a tuam a. Mi tam takin an khawtlâng nun chu siam \hat ngaia hriain an vei hlawm hle a. Chumi kal zelah chuan Dr. Benjamin Rush-a thusawi pawmtu loneimi zahnihin kum 1789 khân  Connecticut-ah temperance association an din a. Kum 1800 khân hetiang pâwl bawk hi Virginia-ah a ding leh a, kum 1808 khân New York State-ah pâwl thar ding lehin kum sawm chhungin state dang pariatah temperance pâwl hi an ding hman a ni. Kum 1826-ah American Temperance Society a ding a. Kum 12 chhungin member 1,500,000 an nei hman a. Kum 1839-ah phei chuan insumna lam hawi chanchinbu 18 ngawt a chhuak a. Protestant kohhran tam takin temperance chungchang chu uar takin an inzirtir bawk. Hetih hun lâia vaihlo dotuten mei zûk \hat lohna an sawite chu: mi a ti thatchhia, sam a tlakawlh duh, \ul lova pawisa sen ralna, a tenawm etc., tihte a ni.

Kum 1820-1850 bâwr chho hi The Age of Reform tiin America ramah chuan rilru lam insiam \hatna beihpui an thlâk a. Biak in, sikul, kawtthlerah leh hall-ah te zû, meizial, thingpui leh coffee \hat lohna bâkah hriselna lam hrim hrim an inzirtir nasa a. A bikin zû an do nasa khawp mai. 

Amarawhchu hetianga an campaign mup mup lâi hian kum 1861-65 khan America tualchhung indo a lo thleng a, insumna leh hriselna lam buaipuitu pâwlte chu an reh ta deuh duak ti ila a sual awm lo ve. Indo zawh-ah an rawn er chhuak leh a. Chu erawh chu sawi thui tawh lo mai teh ang; ka hre tlêm si.

Kum 1880 khân Women’s Christian Temperance Union chuan Department of Scientific Temperance Instruction dinin sikul leh college-ah te temperance zirtirna an hawng a. Bei nasa tak an ni. Hetih laia thuhriltu lar tam tak hian zu leh meizial mai ni lovin coffee leh thingpui te hi an sawiselin an do nasa a. Chung zinga lar deuh deuhte chu Rev. Sylvester Graham-a leh Mormon hotu Joseph Smith-a te an ni. Chung hun lai leh a hnu deuha zu leh meizial dotu lar deuh deuhte chu:

1.      the American Issue Publishing House (1909)

2.      the American Temperance Society (1826)

3.   Kirtland Temperance Society  (1830)

4.  the Anti-Saloon League (1893)

5.      Band of Hope (1847)

6.      the British Women's Temperance Association (1876)

7.      the Catholic Total Abstinence Union of America (1871)

8.      the Committee of Fifty (1893)

9.      the Daughters of Temperance (1849)

10.  the Department of Scientific

      Temperance Instruction (1879?)

11.  the Flying Squadron of America (1914-15)

12.  the Independent Order of Good Templars (1842)

13.  the Knights of Father Matthew (1838)

14.  the Lincoln-Lee Legion (1912)

15.  the Methodist Board of Temperance, Prohibition, and Public Morals (1920 vel)

16.  the National Temperance Society and Publishing House (1865)

17.  the Prohibition Party (1869)

18.  the Scientific Temperance  Federation (1906)

19.  the Sons of Temperance  (1840+)

20.  the Templars of Honor and Temperance (1845)

21.  the Abstinence Society (1840s)

22.  the Woman’s Christian      Temperance Union (1873)

23.  the National Temperance Council (1913)

24.  the World League Against  Alcoholism (a pro-prohibition  organization) (1919)

25.  Anti-Cigarette League of America (1890)

            Heng pâwl hrang hrangte hian zû an do nasa ber tih hria ila. Tin, pâwl dang engemaw zât an la awm bawk tihte pawh hre ve mai mai ila.

 A chunga pâwl hrang hrangte khi han en ila kum 1800 chho vel a\anga America mipuiin insumna an uarzia leh an campaign nasat turzia chu a lang mai awm e. Entirnân- American Issue Publishing House ringawt pawhin kum zabi 20-na hma lam khan insumna lam lehkha phêk 250,000,000 zet an chhuah hman a (a awihawm em em lo deuh em?), lehkhabu 2,000 vel zet an chhuah bawk.

Hetih laia USA-a zû leh vaihlo do pâwl hruaitu lar deuh deuhte chu Bishop James Cannon Jr., James Black, Ernest Cherrington, Neal S. Dow, Mary Hunt, William E. Johnson ("Pussyfoot" Johnson tia hriat), Carrie Nation, Howard Hyde Russell, John St. John, Billy Sunday, Father Mathew, Andrew Volstead leh Wayne Wheeler te an ni a. Mi pakhat hian pâwl pahnih/pathumah nihna an nei kawp fur \hin ti hria ila.

Khing a chunga pâwl hrang hrangte bâkah khian Australia leh New Zealand lam thlengin temperance society chu an ding hlawm a. Chhui zel a châkawm khawp mai. Mithiam tak tak chuan keini kohhran hian mi hnung kan zui ve chauhah an ngâi nghe nghe a ni.

Kum 1750 bâwr chho daih tawh khân Methodist kohhran dintu John Wesley-a (28 June [O.S. 17 June] 1703 – 2 March 1791)  chuan hriselna thuchah hi chanchin \ha pêng pawimawh takah ngâiin a lo vahvaihpui tawh a. A sawi mai duh tâwk lovin lehkhabu a ziak nual bawk. Chutih lâia a hriselna thuchah lar deuh deuhte chu:

1.Ei leh in uar lutuk loh (moderation).

2.      Insum theih lohna leh tisa  châkna um lutuk loh tur.

3.      Damdawi atan Quinine leh  Opium hman loh tur.

4.      Ni khatah dârkâr hnih tal kea kal a \ha.

5.      Boruak thianghlima insawizawi \hin turin damlote thurawn a pe.

6.      Thingpui hi taksa tân a \ha lo tiin a in ngai lo.

7.      Faina hi hriselna a ni tih thu uar takin a sawi \hin.

8.      Methodist-ho chu mei zu lo turin a fuih.

Kum 1833 khân Mormon dintu Joseph Smith-a chuan inlarnain hriselna chungchang hi a hmu a. A lehkhabu Doctrine and Covenants (section 89, verses 5-17) ah chuan zû leh meizûk te hi a do nasa hle a. Thingpui leh coffee hi in loh tur a ti a. Theirah leh thlaite hi eitur \ha an ni a tih bâkah sa hi ei tam loh tur (ei loh tawp tur chu a ti lo) a ti bawk.

Kum 1836 khan Dr. William A. Alcott-a chuan The Use of Tobacco: Its Physical, Intellectual, and Moral Effects on The Human System tih bu a chhuah a, mei zuk chu sawisel nasa salh salh tak a ni. Kum 1838 khan Dr Alcott-a tho hian Vegetable Diet: As Sanction by Medical Men, and by Experience in All Ages tih bu chhuahin thlai ei \hatzia leh sa ei \hat lohzia a tlangau pui chiam a. Kum 1839 khan Tea and Coffee tih thupui hmangin thingpui leh coffee sawiselna lehkhabu a chhuah leh bawk a. He lehkhabu bung thumna-ah chuan thingpui in avanga natna hrang hrang tuar damlo sawm chanchin a ziak nghe nghe a ni (He lehkhabute hi ka nei, Lcm). A thuziak zawng zawngte hi kan sawi chhawng seng lo a ni ber e.

Kum 1833 khân Rev.Orin S.Fowler-a chuann Disquisition on the Evils of Using Tobacco, and the Necessity of Immediate and Entire Reformation tih lehkhabu thehlêp deuh a chhuah a. Vawithum lai an chhu nawn nghe nghe a ni (He lehkhabu pawh hi a soft copy ka nei, Lcm).   Rev. Fowler-a hian meizial zûk chu a duh lo khawp a, a bei na salh salh khawp mai. A lehkhabua mithiam thusawi a ziah chhawn thenkhat chu han la chhuak ila.

Dr Rees-a chuan a lehkhabu Cyclopedia-ah tihian a ziak: “Vaihlo tui fir hlang hi zawhte kâ-ah far hnih khat pawh han tulh zeuh ila a tal vak vak ang a, minute rei lo tê-ah a thi mai ang.”

Dr Hosack-a chuan vaihlo hi ‘tûr changkang tak’  tiin a that lohzia uar takin a sawi zui bawk.

Dr Waterhouse-a sawi danin botanist Carl von Linnaeus (1707-1778) chuan vaihlo hi ‘thih theihna khawpa thil \ha lo a ni a ti,’ tiin a sawi.  Heng hun laia mithiam pakhat Professor Grahama pawhin vaihlo chu hnimhnah zinga tûr hlauhawm ber leh chak berte zinga mi tiin a sawi a. Journal of Health chanchinbu editor-te pawhin kum 1829 khân vaihlo hi tûr hlang (absolute poison) an lo tidaih tawh bawk. He mitena Vaihlo \hat lohzia an sawi zawng zawng chu ziak veng sêng lovah inngai mai ila.

Hetih lai vel bâwr (1830 chho) tho hian New York Anti Smoking Society chuan theihtawp chhuahin meizûk \hat lohna chu an lo tlangau pui ve a. Vaihlo chu rilru lama mi tichak lo thei leh zu lama min hruaitu an ti a ni.

Benjamin Rush (1746-1813)-a pawhin vaihlo leh meizûk hrisel lohzia hi a sawi a. Chu pawh chu sawi vek lo mai teh ang. Heng hun lai vela mi bawk chanchinbu pakhat Genius of Temperance –ah pawh mi pakhatin mei a zûk avanga a hrisel loh phahzia a ziak vak bawk.

Kum 1846 khan Saint Arroman, A (Auguste) chuan Coffee, tea, and chocolate : their influence upon the health, the intellect, and the moral nature of man (1846) a ziak bawk. (http://www.archive.org/details/coffeeteachocola00sain).

Kum 1860 khan Rev. George Trask-a chuan Letters on Tobacco, for American Lads; or, Uncle Toby's Anti-Tobacco Advice To His Nephew Billy Bruce tih lehkhabu a ziak a. Meizuk chu bei nasa tak a ni. ‘Tobacco is the twin demon of Alcohol’ a tih loh leh ‘Tobacco is the devil's seed corn’ a ti thul. Bei nasa tak a ni. Hetia meizuk a do nasat em avang hian ‘anti smoking apostle’ tih hming lem an puttir hial a, a hming lem hi a lehkhabu ziah chhiar chuan a phû viau a ni.

Kum 1879 khan James C. Jackson, M.D chuan Tobacco and Its Effect upon the Health and Character Of Those Who Use It  tih bu a chhuah a. Kum 1882-ah Meta Lander-an The Tobacco Problem tih bu a chhuah bawk a.

Rev. Benjamin Ingersol Lane (1797-1875) leh Samuel Hanson Cox (1793-1881) te pawhin The Mysteries of Tobacco tihbu an chhuah.

Tunhma lam, kum zabi 19-naa vaihlo dona lehkhabu \henkhat chu hengte hi an ni (a kum indawt kher lovin):

1. Dr. Benjamin Rush, Influence of Tobacco Upon Health, Morals, and Property  (1798)

 
      2. Rev. Orin Fowler, Evils of Using Tobacco - Necessity of Immediate - Entire Reformation  (1833)

 3. William A. Alcott, M.D., Tobacco . . . Effects on The Human System (1836)

 4. Rev. Benjamin Lane, The Mysteries of Tobacco (1845)

5. Dr. John Burdell, Tobacco: Its Use and Abuse (1848)

 6. Dr. Joel Shew, Tobacco: History, Nature, Effects on Body and Mind (1849)

7. Dr. John Lizars, The Use and Abuse of Tobacco (1859)

8. James Parton, Smoking and Drinking (1868)

9. W. M. Hutchings, Smoking to the Glory of God (1874)

 
10.Charles R. Drysdale, M.D., Tobacco and the Diseases It Produces (1875)

 
11. Benjamin W. Richardson, M.D., Diseases of Modern Life (1876)

 
12. Dr. H. A. Depierris, Physiol. Soc.: Tabac Plus Violent des Poisons (Paris: Dentu, 1876)

 
13. Rev. B. W. Chase, Tobacco: Physical, Mental, Moral, Social Influences (1878)

14. Dr. James Jackson, Tobacco - Effect upon Health and Character (1879) 

15.  Edward P. Thwing, Facts about Tobacco (1879)

16.G. F. Witter, M.D. Tobacco - Effects: Report to Wisconsin Board of Health (1881)

17. Surgeon General Report - 1881 (Excerpt)

 
18. Prof. John Hinds, Ph.D., The Use of Tobacco (1882)

19. Meta Lander, The Tobacco Problem (1882)

20. Ariel Livermore, Anti-Tobacco: Speech to Meadville Temperance Union (1882)

 
21. Rev. Russell L. Carpenter, LL.D., A Lecture on Tobacco (England, 1882)

22. Count Leo Tolstóy, Why Do People Intoxicate Themselves? (10 June 1890)

23. The Use and Abuse of Tobacco,
        by Dr. John Lizars (1859)

24. Tobacco and Its Effects: Report to the Wisconsin Board of Health

        by G. F. Witter, M.D. (1881)

25. The Use of Tobacco

        by Prof. John I. D. Hinds, Ph.D. (1882)

26.  Tobacco: Its Use and Abuse,
by Rev. John B. Wight (1889)

 Note:Heng zinga engemaw zât hi a softcopy ka nei. Lcm.

Kum 1850 hma lama America ram thuhriltuten hriselna an sawi uarzia ngaihtuahin a chunga kan ziah lan loh lehkhabu dang pawh a la awm \euh ka ring. Keini hriat ve phâkte hi chu a nêp \hin em mai.

Kum 1839 khan Portland, Maine-a awm Mary Gove (Nichols)-i chuan "Solitary Vice. An Address to Parents and Those Who Have the Care of Children," tih bu a chhuah a. He lehkhabua solitary vice a tih chu mahni inhrawt hi a ni.  Kum 1840 khan Health Journal and Advocate of Physiological Reform tih chanchinbu a chhuah bawk a. Kum 1845 khan New York-ah tui hmanga inenkawlna hmun a din bawk. Hengah hian tui hmanga inenkawl dan te, sa ei \hat lohzia te, thingpui leh coffee \hat lohzia te, thei leh nut ei tam \hatzia te a tlangau pui nasa a. Ziaktu \henkhat chuan Prophetes of health an tive hial.  Civil War hmâ lawk 1840-50 chho thleng khan hmeichhia a ni na vang vangin America-ah chuan hriselna lam sawitu zingah a lar ber pâwl a ni. Chanchinbu-ah hriselna lam thu a ziak nasa a, lehkha (pamphlets) a chhuah tam bawk a. Vawikhat phei chu mi sanghnih (nuho hlir) zetin a thusawi chu an ngaithla a ni.

Kum 1844 khân Pi M.L.Shew-i chuan phêk 156- a chhah hriselna bu Water Cure for Ladies: a Popular Work on the Health, Diet, and Regimen of Females and Children, and the Prevention and Care of Diseases tih chu a chhut thumna a chhuah a. A lehkhabu-ah chuan zu, vaihlo, thingpui te hi taksa tan an \ha lo tih uar takin a ziak a. Chaw einaa chi hmeh tel hi a sawisel a. Cheese te, butter te, spice lam chite hi ei loh tur a tih bâkah insawizawi leh inbualfai \hatzia a sawi uar hle a. Chaw hi ni khatah vawihnih ei a tâwk tih ang rengte pawh a hawl tel nual bawk.

Kum 1847 khân Northwood Villa-a vegetarian hospital, Ramsgate, Kent,  British-ah sa nghei pâwl British Vegetarian Society a ding a. He mite hian vegetarian tih thumal hmang hmasatu berah an inchhâl nghe nghe a ni. Oxford Dictionary chuan kum 1839 leh 1842-ah te pawh vegetarian thumal chu miin hmang tawh angin ziak mah se anni chuan hmang lar hmasatu-ah an indah ve tlat. Tunhma chuan sa ei loho chu Pythagorean tiin an ko \hin a. Sa leh sangha tel lo chaw hi pythagorean diet an ti. Kum 1849 September thla atangin The Vegetarian Messenger tih chanchinbu an chhuah a. He chanchinbu hi copy 5,000 vel lai a ni ve \hin awm e.

 Mahatma Gandhi-a pawh he society-in kum 1886 leh 1890-a an chhuah, Henry Salt-a lehkha ziak [pamphlet] "A Plea for Vegetarianism" chuan a hneh hle a. Ama chanchin a ziahna-ah (Autobiography) pawh, “Keima duhthlanna ngeia vegetarian ni ka ni a; tichuan sa ei loh sawimawi hi ka rawngbawlna-ah ka ngai a ni,” a ti.

Gandhi-a hian kum 1888 September thla-ah England panin India a chhuahsan a. Engtik kumah chiah nge Henry Stephens Salt-a lehkhabu hi a chhiar ka hre lo. London Vegetarian Society-ah inpein executive member a zu ni pha ve hial a. Bayswater branch-ah phei chuan secretary a ni hial. The Vegetarian chanchinbu-ah pawh thu a chhuah ve zauh zauh a. A insawi danin India ram a chhuahsan hmain a nu hnenah sa ei lo turin a intiam a, a intiam angin England a thlen tirh pawhin sa chu a zu ei ta lo reng a. Amarawhchu sa a ei duh lohna chhan tak tak zâwk chu a nu hnena a thutiam ni lovin Salt-a lehkhabu a chhiar atanga ama duhthlan liau liau a ni.

British sa nghei pâwl zul zui hian Rev. Graham-a pawhin kum 1850 khân American Vegetarian Society a din ve a. Mihring tâna sa ei \hat lohzia a tlangau pui nasa a, ama pawhin a nghei bawk. Ani bâkah hian Dio Lewis-a te, Larkin Coles-a te pawhin nasa takin hriselna thu hi an tlângpui ve ni awm tak a ni; kan chhûngte an ni si lo va, kan zu hre thui lo khawp mai.

Kum 1853 khan New York khawpuia Metropolitan Hall-ah American Vegeterian Society bul tumin vegetarian festival an ko va, palai 300 an kal khawm a, mi 200-in chinchang hre duhin an chhim bawk a. Sa nghei \hatzia leh thei/thlai ei tam \hatzia an sawi uar hle.

USA-ah khuan Adventist-te hi mipui vantlang dam rei dan chawhrual aiin an dam rei a. Mormon-ho nen an intluk tâwk viau; \henkhat chuan Mormon-ho chu dam rei zâwk hretin an sawi. An sample lâkna azir a ni thei viau ang.

Sylvester Graham-a chuan a thuziak Lectures on the Science of Human Life, (published in 1849, pp. 224-286) –ah hriselna chungchang hi a ziak tam hle a. A tlangpuiin a chunga kan han ziah tawhte khi a \awm bâkah zanah men rei loh tur, pindan khar phui tlata mut a \ha lo, thawmhnaw tâwt lutuk hâk a \ha lo, thingpui leh coffee-te hi zû leh vaihlo te ang bawkin taksa tan an \ha lo tihte hi a ziak a. A ngaihdan chuan sa ei hi a hrisel lo va, ringtute chuan kan nghei hmak tur a ni a ti.

Kristian hmasa tam tak, Alexandria khuaa Clement-a te, Origen-a te, John Chrysostom- te, Basil the Great te leh midang tam tak kha vegeterian an ni. Kohhran hmasa thuziak \henkhatah chuan Matthaia te, Petera te leh Jacoba te kha vegetêrian ni ngeia sawi an ni bawk. Historian Eusebius phei chuan “Matthaia khan sa tel lovin thlaichi te, theipilsak leh thlaihnahte chauh a ei” tiin a ziak nghe nghe. Clement of Alexandria pawhin, “In pumpui kha ransate thlâna siam âiin siam loh a \ha zawk,” a ti bawk.

Kristian-te zinga sa nghei lam hawi tlangaupui hmasatu (hmasa ber chu ka tingam lo) chu Swedish kristian Swedenborg-a (1688-1772) a ni. He pa hian thlarau khawvel leh tisa khawvel inkar hi kal pawh theiin a insawi a. A thurin ziahna bu pawh volume sawmthum zet a ni.

Swedenborg Christian Church a\ang hian pawl tênau dang Bible Christian Church an tih chu kum 1809 khan Salford, UK-ah Rev. William Cowherd-a (1763-1816) hovin an din a. He kohhranah hian sa ei mi leh tunlai \awng taka zûk leh hmuam tihching mite chu member an ni thei lo. An strict khawp mai – an member turte chu sa ei lo turin chhia an chham hmasaktir zel.

Rev. William Cowherd-a chu kum 1816 khan a thi a. Pastor Joseph Brotherton-an a âi a awh a. Joseph Brotherton-a ho hian kum 1847 khan British Vegeterian Society an din a. An president hmasa ber chu Bible Christian Church upa James Simpson-a a ni nghe nghe. Kum 1859 khan James Simpson-a chu a thi a. A puzawn William Harvey-an a âi a awh ve leh a. Harvey-a farnu chu Brotherton-a nen an innei a. He mite hian khawvel awm tirh a\anga a hmasa ber ni turin vegeterian cook book an chhuah nghe nghe a ni.

Bible Christian Church-a an pastor pakhat Reverend William Metcalfe-a chuan mi engemaw zat hruaiin kum 1817 khan Salford a chhuahsan a. America rama Philadelphia-ah inkhuarin Bible Christian Church chu a din leh a. Sa ei \hat lohzia a zirtirna chuan mi ropui Sylvester Graham-a chu a hneh ta em em mai a. Kum 1850 khan American Vegeterian Society an din ve ta hial mai a ni (kan sawi tawh kha). Tichuan Graham-a chuan sa tel lo chaw \ha, tun thlenga ‘Graham Bread’ ‘Graham Cracker’ an tih hi a hmuchhuah phah a. Chumi kal zelah chuan Kellogg-a pawhin sa tel lo chaw \ha conflake a siam chhuah phah veleh ta zel a ni.

Kum zabi 19-naa sa ei loh \hatzia sawi uar nasa tak pakhat chu poet hmingthang Percy Bysshe Shelly (1792-1822) kha a ni. Ani hi dam rei se sa ei loh \hatzia tlangau puitu atan a \ha asin. P.B.Shelly-a bâka ziakmi lar sa ei loh sawimawitu chu Russia mi Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910) a ni. Germany-ah chuan politician, lehkhabu ziaktu leh revolutionist lar Gustav Struve (1805–1870) kha sa ei loh a \ha tia campaign nasa \hin a ni a. A beite hi chuan an lo bei nasa khawp mai. Keinin kan han hriat ve a, kan campaign vete kha chuan \henkhat ngaihdanin tlaikhawhnu (tihlemah tunah hian a la tlai lo a nia) ti ila a dik mai thei.

Salvation Army-te hi Methodist kohhran a\anga chhuak an ni deuh ber a. Methodist kohhran dintu John Wesley-a (28 June 1703 – 2 March 1791)  kha sa ei ngai lo, thingpui leh coffee in ngai lo leh meizial do em emtu a ni a. A hnung zuiin Salvation Army te pawh hian sa ei loh an sawi mawi nasa a. William Booth-a nupui Catherine-i pawhin an inneih hlim khan a pasal lehkha a thawnah sa ei lo turin a ngên a. William Booth-a chuan sa a nghei ta a. Kum 1909-a miin ‘Eng vanga a tar hnu thleng pawha thu la sawi peih nge a nih’ an zawh chuan sa a ei ngai loh vang niin a sawi.

William Booth-a fapa Bramwell-a leh a nupui Florence-i te pawh vegetarian diktak an ni. An fanu Catherine Booth-i (a pi hming chawia an sak) pawhin tihian a ziak: “Kum li mi lek ka nih laiin ka pi khan Pu Herbert-a hnena sa min pe miah lo tura a tih kha ka la hre reng” a ti. General Bramwell-a te chhungkua kha nasa taka sa ei loh \hatzia tlangaupuitu an ni a, amarawh chu an sipaite hian an zawm em tih lam zawng kan sawi tum a ni ta lo ve.

Note I: Kellogg-an cornflake a siam chhuahna chhan tak hi kum 1776 bawr vel atanga Europe leh America rama social evil pakhat an ngaihsual (?) vang a nih thu hi chhui thui a châkawm ngei mai. 

Note II: Sa ei leh ei loh thu te kan sawi tâk \euh chu. A inzawm deuh roh avangin ka’n sawi tel ve mai mai a ni.

Henry Ford leh Thomas Alva Edison

Kan thupuiah kir leh tawh ila. American pa lar leh hausa, Ford motor company dintu Henry Ford-a leh electric bulb hmuchhuaktu Thomas A.Edison-a te pawhin mei zûk hi \ha ti lovin an do nasa mai. Henry Ford-a chuan cigarettes hi Little White Slaver tiin a ko fiam nghe nghe a. Kum 1914 khan Ford-a chuan na ang reng takin chanchinbu-ah vaihlo dona thu a chhuah a (a hnuaia hnathawk reng reng chu mei zûk a khap hmiah bawk). Chu thu chu American Tobacco Company-a an president lar tak Percival I.Hill-a chuan nasa taka sawiselin Ford-a chu a larna leh a hausakna hmanga thu dik lo theh darh chiamah a puh a. Hill-a chuan Ford-a chu a rin anga khawvel thil a hriat loh thu te, science thiamna leh damdawi lam a\ang pawha vaihlo \hat lohna an fiah theih lohzia leh tam takin an \hat pui zâwk thu chu uar takin a ziak a ni.

Hill-a leh Henry Ford-a  te inchhan dan zawng zawng chu kan ziak sêng lo ni mai sela. Ford-a hian meizuk a duh lohna bu The Case Against the Little White Slaver (1914) tih a chhuah nghe nghe a ni. Hetilai vela mipui tam tak ngaih dan chuan Hill-a thusawi chu a pawm awm zâwk daih awm e.

Edison-a pawh khan mei zu mi chu a company- thawk turin a ruai duh miah lo an ti bawk. Amah kha cigarattes fakna lar tak admiral cigarattes hmuchhuaktu chu a ni lawi si; mahse meizial zuk chu a do nasa hle niin an sawi.

Kum 1919 khan America ramah Zu Khap Burna Dan an pass a. He zu khapna dan pass tura nawrtu langsar thuhriltu lar Billy Sunday-a te chuan meizial dona lamah an rilru an pe nghal ti ila a sual lo vang. Kum 1919 vêk hian Frederich W.Roman-a chuan Nicotine Next tihbu chhuahin mei zûk chu nasa takin a do va. A sawi dân phei chuan indopui pakhatna avangin an chawl lawk a, tunah chuan nasa lehzualin sawrkar an nawr tawh dâwn a ni. Anti-Saloon League hruaitu Clarence True Wilson-a chuan meizial duh lotute chu nasa taka meizial do turin a lo fuih bawk a.

Hetihlai vel bawk hian Lucy Page Gaston-i hovin Anti-Cigarette League an din a. Chu chu duh tâwk mai lovin Anti-Cigarette League of the World tih hming pûin Gaston-i chuan Food and Drug Administration (FDA) hnenah cigarette chu ‘habit forming drug’ anga en turin thu a thehlût a. Sawrkar pawhin cigarette chhiah chu za zela 50-in a tipung nghal bawk. Company tam takin meizial zu mi an ruai duh lo va. Young Men Christian Association (YMCA) chuan meizial an duh lohna thu chu an nemnghet nawn leh a. Nonsmokers’ Protective League hotu Charles Peace chuan, “Vaihlo chin, lâkluh leh hralh khapna dan siam turin nasa takin kan bei ang,” a ti bawk.

A lehlamah tobacco industry lam pawh an awm mai mai lo. Tobacco Merchants Association chuan nasa takin an do lêt ve a. Kum 1919 vêk khan zu khap bur duh loho chuan Allied Tobacco League of America an din bâkah New York-ah Smokers Against Tobacco Prohibition pâwl an din ve leh a. Utah state-a Freeman’s League pâwlho chuan meizial khap hi dan kalh a ni tiin meizial khap duhtute chu an lo hnial ve nasa bawk.

Mahse zawi zawiin meizial dotute thawm chu a zawi tial tial a. Kum 1920 chhote kha chuan zawi tak a ni tawh. Anti-Cigarette League hruaitu nu Lucy Page Gaston-i erawh a beidawng ve mai hauh lo. Kum 1920 khân meizial heh zet mai William Harding-a chu America president inthlanna-ah a khing dâwn tih a puang a (candidate tak chu a tling pha ta lo a ni awm e). Mahse he inthlanna-ah hian meizial dotu Gaston-i chu chak lovin zial zu mi Harding-a chu a tling ta zâwk a. President \anglâi meizial zu lâi thlalâk nei hmasa ber a ni ta nghe nghe a ni.

Gaston-i chuan meizial chu a do zui zel a. Mahse a \hahnemngaih luatah ‘Lêngin a zuam sual em ni?’ tih hla ang mai khân \awngkam a duhtui lo lutuk a, ama mite ngei pawhin ‘em em a’ an ti ta deuh a ni ang, kum 1921 khan an chawlhtir ta a. Meizial zûk lar lohna state Kansas-ah a pêm a. Chuta \angin Chicago-ah a insawn leh a. Meizial dotu pâwl thar National Anti-Cigarette League a va din a. Mahse thla ruk hnu lekah an hnawt chhuak leh a ni. Kum 1924 January thla khan sikret do pâwl inkhawmnaa a kal haw lam chu Halsted Street-ah motor-in a chil a, rei tak damdawi ina a awm hnu-ah chumi kum vek August thla chuan kum 64 mi niin a thi a. Vaihlo dovin a martar ti ila kan uar lutuk lo vang chu. Damdawi ina a awm lai hian hrawk cancer a vei tih hmuhchhuah a ni a, chu chu a thihpui tâk zâwk niawm sawi te pawh a awm.  

Tichuan….

Tichuan a khaikhawm nan hman lai a\anga miin vaihlo an lo do tawh dan chu han tarlang ila:

 1575: Mexico

Vaihlo hman khapna dan hmasa ber chu Catholic kohhran nawrna avangin pass a ni a. Spain ram awp zawng zawngah khap a ni.

1590: Pope Urban VII khan ni 13 chauh pope a ni hman chungin ‘mi tu pawh biak in leh a vela vaihlo zu, hnim leh \hial reng reng chu kohhran atanga hnawhchhuah tur’ tiin thupêk a chhuah hman a. Chumi hnu lawkah Europe-a mei zuk khapna dan hmasa ber chu chhuah a ni a. Kum zabi 17-na tâwp lamah khan Bavaria, Kursachsen leh Austria ram bung \henkhatah chuan mei zuk khap bur a ni.

1600 Hnu Lam:

            Kum zabi 17-naa Pathian thu sawitu tam berin vaihlo an hmuh dan chu ‘hnimhnah tenawm tak, chatuana hremhmun meikhu ang’ a ni. Meizu mite chu ramhuai pai, hnawh chhuahsak ngâi anga tehkhin an ni bawk. France Lal Louis XIV (5 September 1638 – 1 September 1715),  enkawltu daktawr phei chuan ‘hmangaihna hi min tiphungzawl \hintu anga sawi a ni a, meizuk phei chu englai pawha min tiphungzawl rengtu a ni’ a ti. (For Your Own Good: The Anti-Smoking Crusade and the Tyranny of Public Health, Jacob Sullum, New York: Free Press, 1998)

Pope Urban VIII (1623-44) chuan hmun thianghlima vaihlo zute chu kohhran a\anga hnawhchhuahah a vau a. Mahse a hnu kum za-ah vaihlo hnim \hin Pope Benedict XIII-an he thupêk hi hnawlin 1779 khân Vaitican chuan tobacco factory a siam ta hial a ni.

 1612: China.

Lal thupêkin vaihlo hman leh a hmun siam khap a ni.

 1617: Mongolia

Vaihlo hmang reng reng chu thih thlenga hrem theihna dan siam a ni.

1620: Japan ramah vaihlo hman khap bur a ni.

 1632:America

Massachussetts-ah America rama vaihlo khapna dan hmasa ber siam a ni.

1633: Turkey

Sultan Murad IV chuan vaihlo hman khapna thupêk a chhuah a. Ni khatah mi 18 laite dan bawhchhia tihhlum an ni.

1634:Russia.

Czar Alexis-an mei zûk a khap a. Miin dan vawikhat a bawhchhiat chuan vuak, hnâr hlehsak leh Siberia rama tantir theih a ni a. A vawihnihna-ah chuan tihhlum tur a ni.

1634: Greek.

Grik kohhran chuan vaihlo hi Nova hrai ruitu-ah ngâiin an khap hmiah.

Hetih hun lai, Kristian Vanram Kawngzawh bu ziaktu John Bunyan-a te hun lâi hian (kum zabi 17-na) England rama Puritan-ho chuan zû, meizûk leh lamnaa kalte hi an duh lo (Revival Weekly, September 26, 2010, p.6).

        A thui dawn avangin America ram lamah kal daih teh ang.

   1647: Connecticut-ah miin ni khatah vawikhat chauh mei a zu thei tiin dan an siam a, mipui hma zûk phei chu khap tlat a ni.

1639: New Amsterdam, tuna New York ni ta Gov. Willem Kieft-a chuan meizuk hi dan pawnah a hnawl hmiah.

 1818: USA

Lancaster, Pennsylvania-ah chuan kawtthlera mei zûk khap a ni a. An mayor-in a bawhchhe hmasa ber a. An man hmak.

 1840: Boston khua-ah mei zûk khap a ni.

1893: Washington state chuan sikret siam leh zûk khapna dan a pass.

1900:Washington, Iowa, Tennessee leh North Dakota-ah te sikret hralh chu dan pawnah hnâwl an ni.

1904: New York roreltu pakhatin nu pakhat chu a fate hmâ-ah mei a zûk avangin ni 30 zet tan inah a khung.

 1905: Indiana-in sikret khap burna dan a hmang.

1908: USA-ah nu pakhat chu mipui zingah mei a zûk avangin ni khat lung inah dah a ni.

1912: USA-a nula pakhat kum 18 mi chu a âia naupang bulah mei a zûk vangin man a ni.

The Anti-Cigarette League of America te campaign zârah kum 1890 leh 1930 inkar khân America state 15-in cigarettes zawrh, siam, kawl leh hman an khap a. State 22 dangin tihve tur a ni em tih an ngaihtuah bawk.  Vaihlo ching tam North Carolina state meuh pawhin heng kum 1897, 1901, 1903, 1905, 1911, 1913 leh 1917 te hian cigarettes chu khap ve mai tur em ni tih an ngaihtuah.

Mahse heng state-te hian an dan siam tawh chu an \hiat leh vek a. A \hiat hnuhnung ber Kansas chuan kum 1927 khân a paih ve leh ta a ni.

Hemi chin hi i duhtâwk teh ang. A tam lutuk a, ka ziak sêng lo a ni.

Kum zabi 20-na chhunga meizial zûk do nasa ber chu Hitler-a leh a pâwl Nazi-ho kha zu ni teh tlat a. Hitler-a khan zu a in ngai lo va. Mei pawh a tleirawl lai chuan a heh viau a ni awm e; mahse a leina tur nei lo chuan a nghei a, a do lamah a ram\ang ta vak mai a ni. A lal chhûng khan mei zûk \hat lohzia zirna lamah pawisa tam tak a sêng a. Khang hun laia German mithiamten vaihlo \hat lohzia an hmuhchhuah kha tun thlenga vaihlo \hat lohzia sawituten \anchhana an hman ber an la ni hlawm nghe nghe a ni. Hitler-a thupêkin office, motor, puipunna, thlawhna etc., -ahte mei zûk khap a ni a. Hmeichhe tân kum 25 an tlin hmain mei zûk phal a ni lo va. Kum 1943 khân kum 18 hnuai lam reng reng chu mi bulah mei zûk a khap a. Kum 1944 khân German ram chhunga bus leh rêlah reng reng mei zûk a khap bur bawk.(Hitler-an meizûk a do dan hi ngaihnawm tham ziah tur a awm asin). Indo zawha Nazi sulhnu hrim hrim tihbo duhtute khan he mei zûk khapna dan hi an hlip ta a ni.

Hetiang tak hian zu leh meizial chu khawvelin do mah se miin an zu tam tawlh tawlh a. A \hat lohna an sawite pawh an awih \ha duh hek lo. Zu khapna dan pawh kum sawm chuang an kalpui hnu-ah a hlawhchham chian em avangin hlih a ni a. Chutiang bawkin meizial khapna dan mak pui pui, zawm hlawh si lote pawh hlih a lo ni chho zel a. A lar ta tawlh tawlh zâwk a ni.

Tun hnu hian a hrisel lohzia hre thar lehin sawrkar tam tak chuan meizûk chu an han khap thar leh a. Hetia an han thar thawh leh tâkah hian mi tam tak chuan meizûk khap leh do hrim hrim hi thil thar, tunhma lama la thleng ngai reng reng lo emaw kan ti a, thil thar sawiin kan sawi. Mahse chu lam chu kan hriat vek tawh avangin sawi lo mai ila.

 Tichuan…

Ka han sawi duh tak zâwk chu kan thupui kal zel – ka naupan lâi chuan heng thil pathum:

(1) meizial zuk \hat lohzia te,

(2) Thingpui leh Coffee  \hat loh dan te,

 (3) Sa ei loh \hatzia te

 hi a bikin khawvel kohhran zawng zawng zingah kan kohhran chauhin emaw hriaa zirtir \hin ka lo ti a. Kristian kohhran dangte leh khawvel mi hrim hrimte hi chu meizial do chu sawi loh, a thâwi veih pawha a \hat lohna hre ve ngai lo, keinin kan beih fê hnua kan sawi vanga rawn hre thar ve a, hun hnuhnunga min dopui nachang hre ve chauh turah dahin ka inchhuang em em ringawt mai a ni. Mahse chu chu ni lovin, mi hnung kan zui a, kan zui tam takin an bansan hnu-ah (bansan lo an la awm reng bawk) kan la bei \ang \ang zâwk a lo ni tih hi ka sawi duh mai a ni.

Thingtlâng khaw zim tê a\anga khawvel tukverh dâk ve mai kha ka ni a. Fin viau ngaihna zawng a awm lo. Kristian pâwl dang ka hmuh ve phâk Presbyterian, Salvation leh UPC te khân sa nghei thu leh zûk leh hmuam chungchangte hi an sawi ve awm ka hre si lo va, chu chu khawvel pum teh nân hmangin hmasa ber emaw ka lo inti ve mai a nia. A awm ve viau tho lo maw?

Melveng pa pahnih pawhin Tuirial lei hlui, thira dawh kha, an dawh zawh hlimin an zu en vang vang a, ‘Khawvelah a âia ropui a awm bik lo vang,’ an tihaw e an tia lawm. Kei pawh hetiang deuh hi ka ni. Kan awmna hmuna zirin khawvel kan tehna hi a inang lo thei khawp mai. 

Hetiang ngaihdan ka neih laite kha chuan ka la mâwl ve em asin. Kan khua Thingsulthliahah pawh a khaw hmâwr lam, electric ban tâwp ber bula awm leh vaihlenhlo \henawm maia awm \hin ngaihtuahna kha chu a zim ve em a, mâwl viau pawh kha a mawh lo ve. Tin, sawi tawh ang khân naupan lâia thil hriat hi chu a chiang lo fo \hin reng a ni. He thu hi tute emaw dema sawi ka ni lo; mahni lam indem a, naupan lâia thil ka hriat fuh loh \hinzia leh thlir zimzia ka sawi duhna mai a ni.

Chu bâkah mei zûk khap hi thil thar sawia an sawi ka hre fo mai a, a sawitu zinga mite hi lehkhathiam awm tak tak an ni nual lehnghal nen ka tlâwmngai deuh a, ka kut hleiin he thu hi ka ziak vel ta mai mai a ni. Tisa leh thlarau lama han hlâwkpui chiam tur zawng a awm lo ang. HO MAI MAI. KUT HLEI THILTIH■

 Note: Source: http://medicolegal.tripod.com/preventheartdisease.htm#1802-in vaihlo chungchang a sawi hi a saptawng ang ang hian han tarlang ve mai mai ila.

 1. Some people spread the myth that the discovery of the link between TTS and cancer is recent. Not so. Note the fact of a 1925 medical book covering the subject, by Frederick Hoffman, Third and Fourth Quarterly Report of the San Francisco Cancer Survey (Prudential Press, 1925).

Indeed, as early as in 1761, Dr. John Hill, a London physician, had recorded an early observation linking tobacco (specifically, snuff) and cancer. In his analysis, “Cautions Against the Immoderate Use of Snuff,” he said “snuff is able to produce . . . swellings and excrescences” in the nose.

By 1836, it was well-established “that thousands and tens of thousands die of diseases of the lungs generally brought on by tobacco smoking. . . . How is it possible to be otherwise? Tobacco is a poison. A man will die of an infusion of tobacco as of a shot through the head.”—Samuel Green, New England Almanack and Farmer's Friend (1836).

 2. The article, “The Effects of Smoking,'' by E. Cuyler Hammond [Sc.D.], in Scientific American, Vol. 207(1), pp. 39-51, July 1962, provides background data. At 39, “Scepticism about . . . tobacco developed near the end of the 16th century; not long thereafter smoking was condemned as a pernicious habit responsible for all manner of ills.” Cf. Susan Wagner's book, Cigarette Country: Tobacco in American History and Politics [Praeger Pub.], 1971, p. 64, on “scientific study of tobacco and its effects on the body . . . in 1671, when the Italian biologist, Francesco Redi [1626-1697], published an account of the lethal effects of the 'oil of tobacco.’” Additionally, the pamphlet, “Tobacco Abuse” (Exhibit 7a with the 25 Jan 1980 USACARA Report), indicates data from 1604, “harmful to the brain, dangerous to the 1ungs,’” etc., and that “Half a century” later, “the French reported that tobacco smoking shortens life and produces, among other things, colic, diarrhea, ulcerations of the lungs, asthma, coughs, pains in the heart, undernourishment and impotence.”

Hammond, supra, discusses “M. Bouisson, an obscure French physician” and his “well-documented clinical study of the matter. In 1859, reporting on patients in the hospital at Montpelier, he observed that of 68 patients with cancer of the buccal cavity (45 of the lip, 11 of the mouth, seven of the tongue and five of the tonsil) 66 smoked pipes, one chewed tobacco and one apparently used tobacco in some form. . . . He suggested that the cancer resulted from irritation of the tissue by tobacco products and heat. Bouisson's observations were confirmed repeatedly over the next half-century . . . .'' The data provided by such studies shows the validity of the analysis by the court in Austin v. State [101 Tenn 563], 48 S.W. 305 at 306 [70 Am St Rep 703; 50 LRA 478] (1898), in terms such as “wholly noxious and deleterious to health . . . always harmful, never beneficial . . . inherently bad, and bad only . . . pernicious altogether.”

Hammond, supra, indicates that “Another . . . problem early recognized as being associated with smoking was Buerger's disease . . . affliction of the peripheral arteries. It was found to occur exclusively among smokers and to subside when the patient stopped smoking.”

Suggested Readings:

1.    Clean Living Movements. American Cycles of Health Reforms.      By Ruth Clifford Engs.

Praeger Publishing, 88 Post Road West, Westpost, CT 06881.

 www.praeger.com USA. 2000

 2.    A Global History of Smoking

Edited by Sander L.Gilman, Xun Zhao.

Published by Reaktion Book Ltd

79 Rarringdon Road. London, UK. 2004.

 3.  Ashes to Ashes: History of Smoking and Health.

       Edited by Stephen Lock, Lois Renolds and E.M.Tansey

       USA, 1998

4.   The Social History of Smoking. By G.L.Apperson. p.13. The Echo Library 2006.

5.  A History of Smoking, By Count Corti. Translated by Paul England. Published by Random House, UK. Ltd – London SWIV25A – 1996.